Author: nanxiao

Display running process’s thread IDs on Linux

On Linux, “ps -T” can show threads information of running process:

# ps -T 2739
  PID  SPID TTY      STAT   TIME COMMAND
 2739  2739 pts/0    Sl     0:00 ./spawn_threads
 2739  2740 pts/0    Sl     0:00 ./spawn_threads
 2739  2741 pts/0    Sl     0:00 ./spawn_threads

On proc pseudo file system, there is a task directory which records thread information:

# ls -lt /proc/2739/task
total 0
dr-xr-xr-x 7 root root 0 Jun 28 14:55 2739
dr-xr-xr-x 7 root root 0 Jun 28 14:55 2740
dr-xr-xr-x 7 root root 0 Jun 28 14:55 2741

Since C++17, there is a filesystem library which can be used to access file system, and I leverage this library to traverse the /proc/$pid/task folder to get the thread IDs of process:

    ......
    std::filesystem::path p{"/proc"};
    p /= argv[1];
    p /= "task";
    ......
    uint64_t thread_num{};
    std::vector<std::string> thread_id;

    std::filesystem::directory_iterator d_it(p);
    for (const auto& it : d_it)
    {
        thread_num++;
        thread_id.push_back(it.path().filename().string());
    }

    std::cout << "Process ID (" << argv[1] << ") has " << thread_num << " threads, and ids are:\n";
    for (const auto& v : thread_id)
    {
        std::cout << v << '\n';
    }
    ......

Build and run it:

# ./show_thread_ids 2739
Process ID (2739) has 3 threads, and ids are:
2739
2740
2741

P.S., the full code is here.

Be ware of HElib and corresponding NTL versions

Today I tested an old HElib version (back to mid-2017), but met following compile errors:

......
In file included from EncryptedArray.cpp:15:
EncryptedArray.h:301:19: error: ‘FHE_DEFINE_LOWER_DISPATCH’ has not been declared
  301 |   NTL_FOREACH_ARG(FHE_DEFINE_LOWER_DISPATCH)
      |                   ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
EncryptedArray.h:303:3: error: ISO C++ forbids declaration of ‘NTL_FOREACH_ARG’ with no type [-fpermissive]
  303 |   const RX& getG() const { return mappingData.getG(); }
      |   ^~~~~
......

After some investigation, I found the problem was the NTL on my system is too new (version is 11.3.2). So I downloaded an old NTL version, and specified using this version in Makefile:

CFLAGS = -g -O2 -std=c++11 -I../../ntl-10.5.0/include ......

Then it worked like a charm!

Explore Dragonfly BSD thread model

From Dragonfly BSD‘s official document:

A user process contains one or more LWP (Light Weight Process) entities. Each entity represents a user thread under that process.

I want to explore the thread model myself. So I write a simple program which launches 2 threads in main function, and print process ID, LWP ID and thread id from C++‘s get_id function:

void output_thread_id(const std::string& prefix)
{
    std::stringstream ss;
    ss <<"Process ID is " << getpid() <<
        ", lwp ID is " << lwp_gettid() <<
        ", " << prefix << std::this_thread::get_id() <<'\n';
    std::cout << ss.str();
}

Build and run it:

# ./spawn_threads
Process ID is 16394, lwp ID is 1, main thread ID is 0x8007d00c0
Process ID is 16394, lwp ID is 2, sub thread ID is 0x8007d0240
Process ID is 16394, lwp ID is 3, sub thread ID is 0x8007d03c0

All 3 threads have same process ID, but LWP ID begins with 1, and increases contiguously (this is not same as Linux). By default, top command will only show processes:

Press ‘H‘ can display threads’ information (For ps command, -H option can be used to show threads):

P.S., the full code is here.

Reference:
How to get the thread number and every thread’s ID of a running process? .

 

Clean up disk space for Void Linux

With continuous upgrade, the disk space become less on Void Linux:

# df -h
Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs        470M     0  470M   0% /dev
tmpfs           495M     0  495M   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs           495M  464K  494M   1% /run
/dev/sda1       7.9G  6.0G  1.5G  81% /
cgroup          495M     0  495M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
tmpfs           495M  125M  370M  26% /tmp

Only 1.5G left. After referring this document, I do following cleaning-up:

// Cleaning package cache
# xbps-remove -yO

// Removing orphaned packages
# xbps-remove -yo

// Purging old kernels...
# vkpurge rm all

Now the free space is doubled:

# df -h
Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs        470M     0  470M   0% /dev
tmpfs           495M     0  495M   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs           495M  460K  494M   1% /run
/dev/sda1       7.9G  4.3G  3.2G  58% /
cgroup          495M     0  495M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
tmpfs           495M     0  495M   0% /tmp